Important Dates and Events

• 1973 oil crisis Cause: an OPEC oil export embargo by many of the major Arab oil-producing states, in response to western support of Israel
• 1979 energy crisis Cause: the Iranian revolution 1990 spike in the price of oil - Cause: the Gulf War
• Kyoto Protocol Period- December 1997. Agreements-Industrialized countries to reduce their GHG emissions to 5.2% below the 1990 levels by 2012. Flexibility mechanisms adopted. Joint implementationEmissions tradingClean development mechanism British Antarctic Survey spotted a hole in the ozone layer in 1983.
• Vienna convention of 1985 for ozone layer protection.
• Montreal Protocol,1987 on ODS.
  Agreement-Prevention of depletion of ozone layer by phasing out consumption of ODS mainly CFCs. Freeze on CFC production to 1986 level by 1989 and 50%reduction by 1998.
  Contribution-By 1999,95 OD chemicals were controlledWorldwide CFC consumption reduced from 1.1m tonnes in 1986 to <150,000>

Historical Outline 1945

• Food and agricultural Orgn. 1948
• International Maritime Orgn.1960s
• Law of the Sea1972
• UNCED1987
• WCED
• Montreal Protocol1992
• Earth Summit1997
• Kyoto Protocol2002
• WSSD UN Environment Programme - Started after Stockholm Conference,1972. Mission: To provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing and educating.Enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of the future generations.
• UNDPStarted-1966 Role-To achieve the Millennium Development Goals, including the goal of cutting poverty in half by 2015 through UNDP's network. Solutions to the challenges of: Democratic Governance,Poverty Reduction Crisis Prevention and Recovery ,Energy and Environment and HIV/AIDS World BankStarted-Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, Structure-WB comprises of five agenciesRole- make loans or guarantee credit to 177 member countries. helps countries reduce poverty through long-term loans to governments for projects such as dams or bridges, or to support economic reform programmes IMF.
• Started- Bretton Woods Conference, Role-IMF seeks to maintain an orderly balance of international trade and payments by regularly assessing economies and making short-term loans to those with balance of payments difficulties. Countries wanting to join the World Bank must first become members of the IMF.
• Review of Efficacy WTO Started- 1 January 1995 Role-1.Solving trade problems between countries2.
• Earth Summit+5 : To assess the progress made in 5 years since 1992 summit.Intergovernmental Forum on ForestsRole of civil society defined.